EXPERIMENTAL TEST AND ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER IN SERPENTINE CHANNEL FOR SOLAR PANEL COOLING USING NANO FLUID
Abstract
The potential of solar energy in Indonesia is quite large as a renewable energy source, usually called solar panels or photovoltaic (PV) technology as a device capable of converting solar radiation into electrical energy. When solar panels operate, only about 15% of solar radiation is converted into electrical energy, while the rest is converted into heat. The intensity of solar radiation and the temperature of the surrounding air affect the voltage and current produced by solar cells. This condition requires a device that can regulate the temperature state of the solar panel. This study was conducted to overcome the heat problem in solar panels through optimizing the thermal properties of the cooling fluid by adding nano-sized SEM/EDS-tested particles to the W/EG base fluid, which is commonly called nanofluids, then making serpentine channels as a heat exchanger was also carried out. The experimental test process was carried out with a flow rate variation of 1 to 3 LPM and the inlet temperature was kept at 35˚C. The results showed that the highest cooling fluid flow rate was the most optimum condition. The Reynolds number shows that the heat transfer coefficient increases by 1011.72 W/m◦K, 1321.72 W/m◦K, and 2070.39 W/m◦K, respectively. The Nusselt number tends to increase as the Reynolds number of the nanofluid increases. An increase in Nusselt number indicates an increase in heat transfer coefficient, while Reynolds number indicates laminar flow of the coolant. Similarly, the pressure drop increases with increasing flow rate.
References
Hossain, M. S., Pandey, A. K., Selvaraj, J., Rahim, N. A., Islam, M. M., & Tyagi, V. V. (2019). Two side serpentine flow based photovoltaic-thermal-phase change materials (PVT-PCM) system: Energy, exergy and economic analysis. Renewable Energy, 136, 1320–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.097
Siddiqui, M. U., Shahab, M. F., Siddiqui, O. K., Ali, H., & Zubair, S. M. (2022). A comprehensive multi-physics model of photovoltaic modules with non-uniform solar concentration and serpentine cooling. Energy Conversion and Management, 271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116266
Abdulah, A., Ardi Rajab, D., & Tinggi Teknologi Wastukancana, S. (2019). Seminar Nasional Teknologi dan Riset Terapan) Politeknik Sukabumi.
Adun, H., Mukhtar, M., Adedeji, M., Agwa, T., Ibrahim, K. H., Bamisile, O., & Dagbasi, M. (2021). Synthesis and application of ternary nanofluid for photovoltaic-thermal system: Comparative analysis of energy and exergy performance with single and hybrid nanofluids. Energies, 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154434
Azmi, W. H., Sharma, K. V., Sarma, P. K., Mamat, R., Anuar, S., & Dharma Rao, V. (2013). Experimental determination of turbulent forced convection heat transfer and friction factor with SiO2 nanofluid. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 51, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.07.006
Fikri, M. A., Faizal, W. M., Adli, H. K., Mamat, R., Azmi, W. H., Majid, Z. A. A., & Ramadhan, A. I. (2021). Characteristic of TiO2-SiO2 Nanofluid With Water/Ethylene Glycol Mixture for Solar Application. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 81(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.81.2.113
Al-Waeli, A. H. A., Sopian, K., Chaichan, M. T., Kazem, H. A., Hasan, H. A., & Al-Shamani, A. N. (2017). An experimental investigation of SiC nanofluid as a base-fluid for a photovoltaic thermal PV/T system. Energy Conversion and Management, 142, 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.076
Duangthongsuk, W., & Wongwises, S. (2009). Measurement of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and viscosity of TiO2-water nanofluids. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 33(4), 706–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2009.01.005
Huang, B. J., Yang, P. E., Lin, Y. P., Lin, B. Y., Chen, H. J., Lai, R. C., & Cheng, J. S. (2011). Solar cell junction temperature measurement of PV module. Solar Energy, 85(2), 388–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2010.11.006
Siecker, J., Kusakana, K., & Numbi, B. P. (2017). A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 79, pp. 192–203). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.053
Murtadha, T. K., Dil Hussein, A. A., Alalwany, A. A. H., Alrwashdeh, S. S., & Al-Falahat, A. M. (2022). Improving the cooling performance of photovoltaic panels by using two passes circulation of titanium dioxide nanofluid. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102191
Eisavi, B., Nami, H., Yari, M., & Ranjbar, F. (2021). Solar-driven mechanical vapor compression desalination equipped with organic Rankine cycle to supply domestic distilled water and power – Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic implications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116997
Utilization of Solar Power Plant in Indonesia: A Review Hardianto. (2019). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3634186
Husain, A. A. F., Hasan, W. Z. W., Shafie, S., Hamidon, M. N., & Pandey, S. S. (2018). A review of transparent solar photovoltaic technologies. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 94, pp. 779–791). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.031
Chandrasekar, M., Suresh, S., Senthilkumar, T., & Ganesh Karthikeyan, M. (2013). Passive cooling of standalone flat PV module with cotton wick structures. Energy Conversion and Management, 71, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.03.012
Ramdani, H., & Ould-Lahoucine, C. (2020). Study on the overall energy and exergy performances of a novel water-based hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar collector. Energy Conversion and Management, 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113238
